China’s total non-financial sector debt reached 296% of GDP in the third quarter of 2025. The United States, for reference, stood at approximately 257% over the same period—and Washington is not operating a command economy that systematically obscures the true state of its balance sheets. The Chinese figure, produced by the Bank for International Settlements rather than Beijing’s own statistical apparatus, almost certainly understates the full liability position when off-budget local government instruments and implicit guarantees are included.